The Society of States: Civilization in Business Class, Morally Barefoot

Humanity loves to imagine itself as civilized, much like a teenager with a patchy mustache claiming he’s a man now. We tell ourselves bedtime stories with treaties, justice, and moral progress. We believe we’ve replaced the club with the constitution, and the jungle with international law. But if you scratch the glossy paint of modern diplomacy, you’ll find something ancient…

The Society of States: Humanity Still in the Stone Age

A Fundamental Illusion History loves to tell itself as an ascent toward civilization. We repeat that law, morality, and justice have tamed violence and that a global order now protects the weak. This narrative flatters our need for reassurance, but it rests on an original confusion. It projects onto sovereign entities qualities that belong only to individuals bound by a…

Chapter X: If God Exists, Why Does He Create?

The question is simple and severe at once: if God exists and is just, why does he create beings exposed to suffering and error? Creation cannot be a whim. It must answer to an intelligible necessity, compatible with justice and goodness, and proportionate in its effects. Three distinct hypotheses present themselves for examination: real justice, purification, and total benevolence. They…